Northern Humanism, Northern Renaissance, Religious Reformations, and Late Mannerism 1500-1603

Northern Renaissance

Northern Renaissance Literature

• Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592)
• William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

Northern Renaissance Painting

• Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)
• Matthias Grunewald (1460-1528)
• Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)

The Breakup of Christendom:  Causes of the Religious Reformations

• The Cause and Results of the Reformation

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

• Works of Martin Luther
• Luther on Justification
• Luther 95 Theses
• The Bondage of the Will
• Three Treatises
• Commentary on Galatians
• Luther's Large Catechism
• Letters of Spiritual Counsel
• Luther's 95 Theses 1517
• Luther's Large Catechism 1529
• Luther's Small Catechism 1529
• Luther's Augsburg Confession 1530
• Melanchthon The Apology of the Augsburg Confession 1531
• Smalcald Articles 1537
• Smalcald Article - Power and Primacy of the Pope 1537

John Calvin (1509-1564)

• Works of John Calvin
• Calvin on Repentance
• Calvin on Regeneration
• Institutes on Christian Religion
• Mystery of Godliness
• Commentaries
• Instruction in Faith
• Bondage and Liberation of the Will

• Belgic Confession 1567
• Heidelberg Catechism 1563
• Geneva Confession 1537

Reform of the English Church

• King Henry the VIII (r 1509-1547)
• Anglicanism Reformation Parliament (1529-1535)
• Elizabeth I (r 1558-1603)
• Thirty-Nine Articles

• Puritan split (see the Baroque Age) late 16th to early 18th century

The Counter Reformation

• Paul III (pope 1534-1549)
• Council of Trent
• Jesuit Order

Warfare as a Response to Religious Dissent

• Charles V and Lutheran Forces 1546-1555

Late Mannerism

Spanish Painting

• El Greco (1541-1614) 
   
• Spanish Literature
• Chivalric Novel
• Picaresque Novel

Suggestions for Further Reading

Calvin, J Institutes of the Christian Religion
Cervantes, M Don Quijote
Erasmus, D Praise of Folly
Luther, M Three Treasties

Suggestions for Listening

Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi Da (1525-1623)
Weelkes, Thomas (1575-1623)